Personal Trainer, Partner, or Simply Having an Audience - Three Ways of Boosting Training Intensity, Volume & Gainz
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| Ideally, your training partner is both competitive and supportive... and if there's no one around just asking the next best person to spot you will make a significant difference, too. |
In a recent study from the Edge Hill University in the UK, Sheridan et al. investigated the effect of spotter presence on bench press performance. To this ends, twelve recreationally trained participants (age, 21.3 +/- 0.8 years, height, 1.82 +/- 0.1 m, and weight, 84.8 +/- 11.1 kg) performed 2 trials of 3 sets to failure at 60% of 1 repetition maximum on separate occasions.
Even for people who know what they're doing a partner or coach may be very helpful.
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Based on previous studies which attempted to investigate the effects of the social interaction during
resistance training programmes, the scientists expected to be able to measure a similar effect as it was observed by Wise et al. whose 2004 paper describes an experiment in which thirty-two women who had not bench pressed within the previous 18 months received positive verbal feedback by a trainer, resulting in significantly strengthened self-efficacy.
Who cares about self-efficacy? I want performance
No need to worry, though, your training partner may only have psychological effects, but as studies by Mazzetti et al. (2000) and Coutts et al. (2003) show social facilitation and the presence of
training partners, coaches or personal trainers can significantly improve your physical performance and - most importantly, the strength and power gains you will see in response to a 12-week training program.
- Mazetti et al. (2000) observed increased strength and size gains PLUS improved effects on lean body mass if training in the presence of a coach -- The scientists had twenty moderately trained men aged 24.6 ± 1.0 yr (mean ± SE) train either under supervision by a personal trainer (SUP) or unsupervised (UNSUP) for 12 weeks. Both groups performed identical linear periodized resistance training programs consisting of preparatory (10–12 repetitions maximum (RM)), hypertrophy (8 to 10-RM), strength (5 to 8-RM), and peaking phases (3 to 6-RM) using free-weight and variable-resistance machine exercises. Subjects were tested for maximal squat and bench press strength (1-RM), squat jump power output, bench press muscular endurance, and body composition at week 0 and after 12 wk of training.
The results were quite unambiguous (in favor of training under supervision): The subjects mean training loads (kg per set) per week were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the SUP group than the UNSUP group at weeks 7 through 11 for the squat, and weeks 3 and 7 through 12 for the bench press exercises. The rates of increase (slope) of squat and bench press kg per set were significantly greater in the SUP group. Maximal squat and bench press strength were significantly greater at week 12 in the SUP group. Squat and bench press 1-RM, and mean and peak power output increased significantly after training in both groups.
Figure 1: Training under supervision significantly increased the 1RM gains on squats (left) and the bench press (right) in twenty moderately trained men in a pertinent paper by Mazetti et al. (2000).
And what you will probably like best: The SUP group also saw the greater and exclusively statistically significant increases in lean mass (+1.38 ± 0.25 kg, p < 0.05 vs. 0.25 ± 0.37 kg, p > 0.05) - at virtually identical gains in fat mass, by the way. - Coutts et al. (2003) found that the presence of a trainer potentiated the beneficial effects of a standardized resistance training program in Australian rugby players. In their study, the scientists had examined the influence of direct supervision on muscular strength, power, and running speed during 12 weeks of resistance training in young rugby league players.
Two matched groups of young (16.7 +/- 1.1 years [mean +/- SD]), talented rugby league players completed the same periodized resistance-training program in either a supervised (SUP) (N = 21) or an unsupervised (UNSUP) (N = 21) environment. Measures of 3 repetition maximum (3RM) bench press, 3RM squat, maximal chin-ups, vertical jump, 10- and 20-m sprints, and body mass were completed pretest (week 0), midtest (week 6), and posttest (week 12) training program.
Results show that 12 weeks of periodized resistance training resulted in an increased body mass, 3RM bench press, 3RM squat, maximum number of chin-ups, vertical jump height, and 10- and 20-m sprint performance in both groups (p < 0.05).
What's more important in the context in which we're looking at this study, though, is this: the SUP group completed significantly more training sessions, which were significantly correlated with strength increases for 3RM bench press and squat (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the SUP group significantly increased 3RM squat strength (at 6 and 12 weeks) and 3RM bench press strength (12 weeks) when compared to the UNSUP group (p < 0.05). Finally, the percent increase in the 3RM bench press, 3RM squat, and chin-up_max was also significantly greater in the SUP group than in the UNSUP group (p < 0.05).
Figure 2: Percentage of change in the muscular strength and power measures during 12 weeks of supervised (SUP) or unsupervised (UNSUP) resistance training. *Sign. different from the UNSUP group (p < 0.05 | Coutts 2003)
Now you will (rightly) say that the supervision of a trainer is something else than the presence of a training partner... and you're right, but a training partner can easily do what a coach would do and he is at the same time a competitor, whose presence during training has previously been shown to trigger performance improvements in response to an increase of external attentional focus mediated reductions in perceptions of effort (Williams 2015) - even if that was in an endurance exercise context (time trial cycling).
As Rhea et al. highlight, their data in their entirety "suggest that performing a maximal lift in the presence of an audience or in competition facilitates performance and support the self-presentation and self-awareness theories" (Rhea 2003). If and to which extent similar effects will be observed in the presence of a spotter hadn't been clear, however, when Sheridan et al. conducted their study to determine the effect of the presence of spotters on performance and the psychophysiological responses during bench press exercise.
As you can see in Figure 3, the authors' hypothesis that the visual presence of spotters would lead to improved performance because of an increased desire to perform mediated by associated social facilitation effects held true. More specifically, ...
As the authors point out, this latest in a series of studies the results of which relate to training with a training partner demonstrates the psycho-physiological benefits of performing resistance exercise in the proximity of others... any guess what: the effects are likely to occur even if you didn't bring the spotter but simply ask the guy or gal on the bench to the left if he/she could spot you.
What's 'self-efficacy'? Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. One's sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges.
Studies by Rhea et al. (2003) support the notion that the mere presence of someone who would notice your failure/success has significant ergogenic effects in the gym, as well. More specifically, the scientists from the scientists from the Arizona State University observed significant increases in bench press performance in thirty-two recreationally trained participants (15 men, 17 women; 21 +/- 2.5 years) who performed a 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press during 3 different situations in both, a situation in which an audience was present (105 +/- 48 kg) and when they were participating in a competition (103 +/- 46 kg vs. 93 +/- 43 kg in the control condition), male and female subjects performed significantly better than in the control condition, in which other athletes were present, but not perceived as competition. |
| Table 1: Mean difference in performance and activation measures when male and female recreationally trained subjects performed bench presses with non-competitors around, an audience or competition (Rhea 2003). |
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| Figure 3: Mean (± SEM) bench press repetition performance. (*) Denotes a sign. higher number of repetitions between conditions (p < 0.05); and (∆) Denotes a sign. reduction in repetitions from the previous set (p < 0.001) |
- the number of total reps and weight lifted was significantly greater with spotters (difference = 4.5 reps, t = 5.68, p < 0.001 and difference = 209.6 kg, t = 5.65, p < 0.001, respectively)
- the RPE and local RPE were significantly elevated in the deception trials (difference = 0.78, f = 6.16, p = 0.030 and difference = 0.81, f = 5.89, p = 0.034, respectively), and
- the subjects' self-efficacy ratings were significantly reduced when the spotter was nowhere to be seen (difference = 1.58, f = 26.90, p < 0.001).
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| Training with a coach every fifth workout proved to be significantly more effective in improving the 1-RM bench press performance and knee extensor torque in an 11-week study by Gentil & Bottaro from 2010 than having someone supervise the training only every 25 workouts. |
Luckily, research suggests that you don't have to bring a coach to every workout: Gentil & Bottaro found in 2010 that doing only 20% of your workouts with a trainer (vs. 4%) will facilitate significant increases in both bench and leg press performance in response to an otherwise identical 11-week resistance training program | Comment!
- Coutts AJ, Murphy AJ, Dascombe BJ. The effect of direct supervision on a strength coach on measures of muscular strength and power in young rugby league players. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2003.
- Gentil, P and Bottaro, M. Influence of supervision ratio on muscle adaptations to resistance training in nontrained subjects. J Strength Cond Res 24(3): 639-643, 2010
- Mazzetti SA, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Duncan ND, Ratamess NA, GÓmez AL, Newton RU, HÄkkinen K, Fleck SJ. The influence of direct supervision of resistance training on strength performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2000 Jun 1;32(6):1175-84.
- Rhea MR, Landers DM, Alvar BA, Arent SM. The effects of competition and the presence of an audience on weight lifting performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003 May 1;17(2):303-6.
- Sheridan, A, Marchant, DC, Williams, EL, Jones, HS, Hewitt, PA, and Sparks, SA. Presence of spotters improves bench press performance: a deception study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2017
- Williams EL, Jones HS, Sparks SA, Marchant DC, Midgley AW, Mc Naughton LR. Competitor presence reduces internal attentional focus and improves 16.1 km cycling time trial performance. Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2015 Jul 31;18(4):486-91.
- Wise JB, Posner AE, Walker GL. Verbal messages strengthen bench press efficacy. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2004 Feb 1;18(1):26-9.
