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Carnitine Shoot-Out: L-Carnitine, Acetylcarnitine, Propionyl- Carnitine - Which One Has the Highest Bioavailability? Plus: 2g LCAR Contain More Carnitine Than 2g ALCAR or PLCAR

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What if we don't know what's most bioavailable? Does it really matter? After years of being labeled as the supplemental non-starter #1, carnitine is got back on the radar of the average and extraordinary gymrat. The reasons are obvious - at least if you read the following SuppVersity articles: "Carnitine Wards Off Fat Gain by Increasing Fatty Acid Oxidation and Total Energy Expenditure" | more , "Carnitine as Repartitioning Agent?" | more , "L-Carnitine Increase Expression of Genes Implicated in Fatty Acid Oxidation, Glucose & Lipid Metabolism" | more . There have been quite a few impressive studies on the benefits of carnitine, lately, and their publication attracted a significant amount of attention in the bodybuilding, health and fitness community. The question that remains, though, is: Which of the various forms of carnitine works best? Basically that's also what a group of scientists from the University (Hospital) Bern had in ...
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Science Round-Up Seconds: 8 Nootropics to Combat Stroke, Alzheimer's & Co, Boost Cognitive Performance. Plus: 7 Unknown Side Effects of High Dose Glutamine.

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Effects of infusion times on phenol content of black tea (Ramalho. 2012) If you have already listened to the podcast of yesterday's Science Round-Up on the Super Human Radio Website ( click here if you haven't and wan't to know what the following is all about), I suppose you will not mind that I compiled some of the complex information about "optimal" tea brewing in the illustration to the right (based on Ramalho. 2012). The colored arrows indicate the time-points at which the given compounds in the tea achieved peak values. The exact time point is also given in minutes, so that a 9' in front of the green caffeine and on the left to the green arrow pointing at the 9 min point tells you "it took 9 minutes for the caffeine content to reach it's maximum in the British tea". The graph in the background shows the catechin concentration depending on the infusion time. Cholinergenic nootropics - What a recent review says I guess some of you wil...
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Amino Acids for Super Humans, Part IV - Purported Ergogenics (2/3): L-Carnitine, ALCAR, LCLT, GPLC & Co.

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Image 1: Even bought in bulk, the carnitines are not exactly cheap, so you better read on to gather whether ALCAR, L-CAR, P-LCAR, L-CLT & Co are worth spending money on. Despite the fact that even my grandmother has heard of the miraculous energizing and fat-burning abilities of carnitine, most people - and even those who are buying those carnitine-enriched functional, or should I say disfunctional foods are not even aware that L-3-hydroxy-4-N,N,N-trimethylaminobutyric acid (l-carnitine) is a naturally occurring amino acid, all mammals (humans included) can synthesize from l-lysine or l-methionine in their livers and kidneys. Necessary co-factors for carnitine synthesis are ascorbic acid (vitamin C),  pyridoxine (vitamin B6),  niacin (vitamin B3) and  S-Adenosyl methionine (SAMe) Interestingly, supplementation of the EAA substrates and co-factors failed to raise carnitine synthesis and or serum levels in respective studies. Gamma-butyrobetaine, ...
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Mitochondrial Super Food: R-ALA, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Biotin, Nicotinamide (B3), Riboflavin (B2), Pyridoxine (B6), Creatine, CoQ10, Resveratrol & Taurine Optimize Mitochondrial Function.

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From China, the biggest (and cheapest) producer of raw materials for dietary supplements comes a study ( Sun. 2011 ) on the effectiveness of a mitochondrial nutrient combination on performance and mitochondrial biogenesis in exhaustively exercised rats, which may well have consequences on the number of items on your next supplement shopping list. For 4 weeks , Sun et al. supplemented exhaustively exercising rats with a combination of R-a-lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, biotin, nicotinamide, riboflavin, pyridoxine, creatine, CoQ10, resveratrol and taurine (cf. table 1) Table 1: Ingredients of the "mitochondrial nutrient supplement";dosage used in rat study (data adapted from Sun. 2011 ); and calculated human equivalent doses  This nutrient combination had beneficial effects on standard markers of exercise induced oxidative stress and muscular breakdown . Specifically, it "significantly inhibited the increase in activities ...
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