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Intermittent Thoughts on Building Muscle: Estrogen, Friend or Foe of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy? Plus: "Hey, Bro! Are You 'SERMing' Away Your Satellite Cells?"

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Image 1: Iris Kyle's back is a living testostomy, ah... pardon testimony to the muscle building powers of estrogen ;-) Although we have identified a hell lot of verified and purported mechanisms by which testosterone, "the Big T" works its muscle building and fat burning magic, the results of the last installments of the Intermittent Thoughts was nevertheless not really satisfying. After discussing how testosterone programs stem cells to become muscle, not fat cells, how it increases the number of  motor neurons and thusly improves the voluntary neuronal activation of skeletal muscle tissue etc., we were still left with the question whether it was actually testosterone of maybe its central or local aromatization or reduction to estrogen or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which was responsible for the effects. Now, since estrogen is associated with "all things female" and I am a gentleman of the old school, I decided to start with the latter after realizing that i...

Milk Thistle in PCT - Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) Still a Liver Killer, Despite Hepatoprotective Effect of Silymarin or Ziziphus

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Image 1: Silybum marianum , a medical plant that has been used to treat liver disease for >2,000 years and is a staple in many "post cycle therapy" supplements you can current purchase at your favorite supplement store. Whether or not you are into "performance enhancing drugs" does not really matter. If you have browsed through the range of one of the myriad of on-line supplement vendors, you will have seen them: the "liver protectors" , "supplements for liver health" , or simply "post-cycle recovery" supplements. The most common ingredient, you will see on the labels of supplements listed in these or similar categories, is silymarin , a flavonoid complex consisting of silybin (the most active component), silydanianin and silychristin , which is either extracted or simply contained in a crude extract of the seeds of Silybum marianum , a flowering plant of the daisy family, the manufacturers put into their capsules. While scien...

Possible Side Effects of 17β-estradiol and Tamoxifen Treatment

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Treatment with estrogens, mainly in women, and selective estrogen modulators (SERMS), which are also interesting for the average juicer, may yield hitherto unknown metabolic side effects. Scientists from Portugal ( Moreira. 2010 ) have found that both, tamoxifen as well as estrogen treatment influence the oxidative capacity of mitochondria: Fig. 1. Effects of E2 and/or TAM treatments on glutathione levels of liver, heart and brain mitochondria. ( Moreira. 2010 ) In spite of the distinct effect on glutathione levels, their effect on lipid peroxidation appears to be contrary: TBARS levels were used to determine the extension of lipid peroxidation (PX) induced by the pro-oxidant pair ADP/Fe 2+ . Fig. 3 A shows that liver mitochondria isolated from E2 + TAM females in the presence of ADP/Fe 2+ produced significantly lower levels of TBARS when compared with liver mitochondria isolated from the other groups of experimental animals. No significant alterations were ob...
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