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Vitamin A, D, E & K - How Much and What Type of Fat Do You Need to Absorb These Fat Soluble Vitamins?

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Some butter on top of the broccoli would allow for the assimilation of the absorption of the 101.6μg vitamin K 623IU vitamin A (various). There are a handful of very basic questions in nutrition science, no one appears to have an answer to. One of these questions, which is directly related to the  well-known fact that the vitamins A, D, E & K are "lipid soluble". This means that they are "solved" and thus made absorbable by fats and oils. The general assumption is thus that the vitamins A, i.e. the retinol and carotenoids, all forms of vitamin D, the tocopherols and -trienols (vitamin s E) and the two major forms of vitamin K, i.e. phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinone (K2) will only be absorbed, if you consume them with a sufficient amount of dietary fat. Now, the questions obviously are (a) is this correct and (b) how much is sufficient . Is there a rule of thumb? Well, I guess if there was one, it would be to consume 5-10g of low PUFA fats with every mea...

Endurance Athletes Benefit from Anti-Oxidant Supplementation (Vitamin E, Vitamin C & beta-carotene)

Lately, the discussion about the benefits of anti-oxidants has taken a turn. Studies and reviews have questioned the use or necessity of supplemental anti-oxidants to athletes diets and some have even claimed that overt use of anti-inflammatory supplements would reduce training success. In a recent study Acquilo et al. (Acquilo. 2010) have supplemented 18 amateur trained male athletes randomly with placebo or a mix of antioxidants (vitamin E, 500 mg/d; vitamin C, 1 g/d; and b -carotene, 30 mg/d) in the course of their usual training and competition season. The scientists found that Exercise decreased antioxidant defenses in the placebo group but not in the antioxidant-supplemented group . No changes were found in the number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, or hemoglobin concentration, or in values of serum iron parameters, after taking the antioxidant cocktail for 3 months, in spite of the exercise completed. The placebo group showed a high oxidative stress index, and decrea...
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